All photos, except as credited to others, are copyright Emerald Canary.

REFERENCES

Information from multiple sources has been consolidated and generalized, e.g., one might find trees outside of the specified elevation and geographic limits. Generally elevation decreases as latitude increases. Likewise commonly found height descriptions are given, but trees can grow much larger in favorable situations, and some trees have a shrubby form at high elevations or seacoast. Diameter (DBH), refers to diameter at about 4.5 feet, diameter at breast height.

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​I've been fortunate to have excellent professors and instructors at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Merritt College, Oakland. I have relied extensively on the books and websites listed below.

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BOOKS

 

Arno, S. (1973 ). Discovering Sierra Trees

Griffin, J. & Critchfield, W. (1972). The Distribution of Forest Trees in California

Holland, V. & Keil, D. (1995). California Vegetation

Johnston, V. (1994). California Forests and Woodlands: A Natural History

Kauffmann, M. (2012). Conifer Country

                         (2013). Conifers of the Pacific Slope

Keator, G. “A Grand Tour of Northern California’s Conifers (Part I),” Fremontia, Vol. 14, No. 1, April, 1986

                  “A Tour of Northern California’s Conifers (Part II),” Fremontia, Vol. 15, No. 4, January, 1988

Lanner, R. (2007). The Bristlecone Book 

                  (1999). Conifers of California

                  (1996). Made for Each Other: A Symbiosis of Birds and Pines

                  (1981). The Piñon Pine, A Natural and Cultural History

Muir, J. (1878 & 1881). The Coniferous Forests and Big Trees of the Sierra Nevada

Sawyer, J. (2006). Northwest California: A Natural History

Sudworth, G. (1908, 1967). Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope

Turner, M. & Kuhlmann, E. (2014). Trees and Shrubs of the Pacific Northwest

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WEBSITES

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Calflora, information on wild California plants for conservation, education, and appreciation

     http://www.calflora.org/

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Conifer Country, Natural History of the Klamath Mountain Region

     http://www.conifercountry.com/

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The Cycad Pages, Introduction to cycads

     http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/cycintro.html

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The Gymnosperm Database, superb source of scientifically accurate information about conifers and allies

     http://www.conifers.org/

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Northwest Conifers, A Guide to Conifers of the Pacific Northwest 

     http://nwconifers.com

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The Tree Library, digital platform for teaching and studying trees

     https://treelib.ca/

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